作者: Tadashi Okubo
DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54634-4_8
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摘要: The main feature of the developing pharynx vertebrate embryo is transient appearance a series segmental pharyngeal arches. These arches are divided by internal pouches (endoderm) and external clefts (ectoderm) that together comprise apparatus. formation essential for development many organs at later stages, give rise to rudiments thymus, parathyroid glands, ultimobranchial body. During occur sequential arch arteries precise ingrowth axons cranial nerves. Neural crest cells also migrate through each differentiate in appropriate locations. Therefore, defects lead deficits mislocation or cell death neural cells, which cause malformations derivative organs. This chapter first overviews development, then discusses our present knowledge regarding genetic factors (Tbx1 Ripply3) signaling molecules (retinoic acid) regulate their organ derivatives.