On trade-offs between timber and biodiversity

摘要: For a long time the primary aim of forestry in Sweden has been production timber, but recent decades other functions, such as biodiversity, have increasingly recognised by society. ambitious goals for forest management, aimed at serving public interests, providing valuable timber yields and preserving biodiversity. Achieving level various goods that forests shall provide, under goals, is thus rather complex. This thesis focuses on trade-offs between maintenance biodiversity forests, effects information benefits, costs biological traits. In Paper I benefit land protection was estimated based nation wide contingent valuation survey. II examined compared, through survey data, attitudes among private owners officers. Papers III IV used data from field inventory old growth (>110 years age) Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) county Gavleborg, Sweden. relative importance about traits reserve selection examined. cost-efficiency different strategies setting aside using targets, were analysed. The revealed positive willingness to pay Swedish citizens, also attitude well production. views officers did not always coincide. Moreover, including conservation benefits depended how goal network formulated. There difference cost-effectiveness nature targets. results emphasise achieving cost-effective solutions proper use costs, considering values held interest groups