Study of the L 23 edges in the 3 d transition metals and their oxides by electron-energy-loss spectroscopy with comparisons to theory

摘要: Excitations of the $2p$ subshell in $3d$ transition metals and their oxides have been studied by inelastic scattering 75-keV electrons. The ${L}_{23}$ "white lines" which arise from dipole transitions to unoccupied $d$ states investigated terms threshold energies, widths, intensity ratios. Shifts ${L}_{3}$ energy between metal oxide are different chemical shifts measured x-ray photoemission spectroscopy this suggests importance relaxation effects. Single-particle calculations for spectra also discussed. Measured linewidths generally larger than those predicted suitably broadened theory. A variation statistical ${L}_{3}$-to-${L}_{2}$ white-line ratio 2:1 has observed across row, with values ranging 0.8:1 Ti 5:1 FeO. This behavior appears be associated white lines since Cu a filled band exhibits results. It is suggested that anomalous ratios may explained breakdown $j\ensuremath{-}j$ coupling caused an exchange mechanism. Finally, extended absorption fine-structure-type structure extending several hundred eV above analyzed Cr provide radial distribution function.