Opportunities and constraints for implementing integrated land–sea management on islands

摘要: Despite a growing body of literature on integrated land-sea management (ILSM), very little critical assessment has been conducted in order to evaluate ILSM practice island systems. Here we develop indicators for assessing 10 principles and the performance planning implementation four projects from tropical Pacific across different governance structures. We find that where customary is still strongly respected enabled through national legislation, can be effective at restricting access use according fluctuations resource availability. However, decision-making under systems may vulnerable mismanagement. Government-led processes have potential design actions address spatial scale ecosystem threats within context policy but not fully capture broad stakeholder interests, poorly coordinated highly dispersed archipelagos. Private sector partnerships offer unique opportunities resourcing ILSM, although these are likely geared towards private interests change future no longer align with community and/or objectives. identify consistent challenges arise during recommendations improvement.