Unpacking factors influencing antimicrobial use in global aquaculture and their implication for management: a review from a systems perspective

摘要: Global seafood provides almost 20% of all animal protein in diets, and aquaculture is, despite weakening trends, the fastest growing food sector worldwide. Recent increases production have largely been achieved through intensification existing farming systems, resulting higher risks disease outbreaks. This has led to increased use antimicrobials (AMs) consequent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) many sectors, which may compromise treatment bacterial infections species itself increase AMR humans zoonotic diseases or transfer genes human bacteria. Multiple stakeholders have, as a result, criticized industry, regulations some countries. AM differs from that livestock due aquaculture’s greater diversity alternative means application, less consolidated practices regions. This, together with research on general, suggests large data gaps persist regards its overall use, breakdowns by system, how AMs become distributed in, impact on, social-ecological systems they are embedded. paper identifies main factors (and challenges) behind application rates, enables discussion mitigation pathways. From set identified key mechanisms for usage, six proximate identified: vulnerability disease, access, diagnostic capacity, AMR, target markets safety regulations, certification. Building upon these can enable local governments reduce farmer training, spatial planning, assistance identification, stricter regulations. National international organizations could, turn, assist disease-free juveniles vaccines, enforce rigid monitoring quantity quality used farmers residues farmed environment, promote measures potential health associated AMR.