Integrated hybrid life cycle assessment and supply chain environmental profile evaluations of lead-based (lead zirconate titanate) versus lead-free (potassium sodium niobate) piezoelectric ceramics

摘要: The increasing awareness of the environmental and health threats lead as well legislation, both in EU around world targeted at decreasing use hazardous substances electrical appliances products has reinvigorated race to develop lead-free alternatives zirconate titanate (PZT), which presently dominates market for piezoelectric materials. Emphasis been placed on one most likely materials, potassium sodium niobate (KNN), a replacement PZT. KNN speculated have better credentials is considered “greener” However, comparative impact assessment life cycle phases versus PZT materials not carried out. Such crucial before any valid claims “greenness” or viability material over other can be made focus this paper. Against backdrop, methodologically robust supply chain based integrated hybrid framework undertaken within context two Results show that presence niobium constitutes far greater across all 16 categories comparison with increased occurs early stages LCA due raw extraction processing. As result, damage already occurred its applications during it doesn't constitute threat. such, term “environmentally friendly” description should avoided. Cost-benefit analysis substituting also indicates initial cost conversion greater, especially energy usage production. This allowed us define address safety sustainability issues are essential future development these Overall, work demonstrates insightful findings garnered through application management strategic engineering question allows industries policy makers make informed decisions regarding consequences substitute designs, fabrication processes usage.