Impacts of invasive biota in forest ecosystems in an aboveground–belowground context

摘要: Forest ecosystems world-wide are being subjected to invasion by organisms representing all domains of life. Here we use a combined aboveground-belowground approach provide conceptual framework for assessing how forests respond biological invasions. We first address mechanisms which invasive plants and aboveground belowground consumers impact on forests, highlight that although have growing understanding the determinants effects plants, yet move from series iconic case studies development general principles. also biota in context drivers invasion, co-invasion invasional meltdown, issue simultaneous species gains losses, forest restoration recovery post-invasion. then areas would benefit further work, particularly regarding underlying mechanisms, context-dependency invader effects, linkages between causes consequences invasion. In concluding, emphasize invaders potential large-scale long-term impacts processes, consideration these an will enable better prediction future responses their management as well efforts.