Amplicon Sequencing of Variable 16S rRNA from Bacteria and ITS2 Regions from Fungi and Plants, Reveals Honeybee Susceptibility to Diseases Results from Their Forage Availability under Anthropogenic Landscapes.

摘要: European Apis mellifera and Asian cerana honeybees are essential crop pollinators. Microbiome studies can provide complex information on health fitness of these insects in relation to environmental changes, plant availability. Amplicon sequencing variable regions the 16S rRNA from bacteria internally transcribed spacer (ITS) fungi plants allow identification metabiome. These methods a tool for monitoring otherwise uncultured microbes isolated gut honeybees. They also help monitor composition and, intriguingly, pollen collected by insect. Here, we present data amplicon ITS2 derived at various time points anthropogenic landscapes such as urban areas Poland, UK, Spain, Greece, Thailand. We have analysed microbial content honeybee intestine well pollens. Furthermore, DNA was used template screening pathogens: Nosema apis, N. ceranae, bombi, tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi), any organism parasitic order Trypanosomatida, including Crithidia spp. (i.e., mellificae), neogregarines Mattesia Apicystis Apicistis bombi). conclude that differences between samples were mainly influenced bacteria, fungi, respectively. Moreover, feeding sugar based diet more prone fungal pathogens (Nosema ceranae) neogregarines. In most sp. parasitized host bee same time. A higher load groups Firmicutes (Lactobacillus); γ-proteobacteria, Neisseriaceae, other unidentified observed ceranae neogregarine infected Healthy had pollen, as: Orbales, Gilliamella, Snodgrassella, Enterobacteriaceae. Finally, period when switch winter generation (longer-lived forager honeybees) is sensitive perturbations, hence pathogen attack, whole beekeeping season. It possible evolutionary adaptation bees fails benefit them modern anthropomorphised environment.