Insect migration and dispersal with emphasis on Mediterranean ecosystems

摘要: Insects migrate in many different scales ranging from a few metres to hundreds of kilometres. The holistic conceptual model hosts suite widely accepted definition insect migration. predisposition some insects for migration is called migratory syndrome and involves the condition flight muscles, oviposition period timing, fecundity, energy uptake wing polymorphism. Pheromones are another useful trait since they used gather scattered migrants restricted space. cost event was compared other solutions problems overcrowding or habitat destruction. In cases less costly solution apart benefits that may incur such as natural selection, safe estimator abilities its health status. To estimate several authors have proposed formulas with hardly estimable parameters. Moreover, it very difficult manipulate parameters time available It speculated evolutionary time, manipulation not possible physiological context an insect, this, last more than two three generations. now studied using, biological methods, new approaches specifically constructed entomological radars. Climate change general global warming particular affect ways. causes phenological shifts host plants, destruction habitat, extensive fragmentation landscapes, marine incursions faunal reshuffling. Also, plants responding ways greenhouse gases. Mediterranean Euplagia quadripunctaria there short scale primarily caused by searching ideal climatic conditions.