Seeing Through the Surface: Non-invasive Characterization of Biomaterial–Tissue Interactions Using Photoacoustic Microscopy

摘要: At the intersection of life sciences, materials science, engineering, and medicine, regenerative medicine stands out as a rapidly progressing field that aims at retaining, restoring, or augmenting tissue/organ functions to promote human welfare. While has witnessed tremendous advancements over past few decades, it still faces many challenges. For example, been difficult visualize, monitor, assess engineered constructs, particularly when three-dimensional scaffolds are involved. Conventional approaches based on histology invasive therefore only convey end-point assays. The development volumetric imaging techniques such confocal ultrasonic enabled direct observation intact constructs without need sectioning. However, capability these is often limited in terms penetration depth contrast. In comparison, recently developed photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) allowed us address issues by integrating optical greatly reduce effect tissue scattering photons with one-way ultrasound detection while retaining high absorption PAM successfully applied number studies, cell distribution, monitoring vascularization, interrogation biomaterial degradation. this review article, we highlight recent progress non-invasive characterization biomaterial–tissue interactions using PAM. We also discuss challenges ahead envision future directions.