The swan grazing conflict in chalk rivers

摘要: Within the last 30 years, fisheries and conservation interests have become concerned that foraging by mute swans Cygnus olor on water crowfoot degrades habitat of invertebrates, fish other animals. Mute are a native species natural part chalk river ecosystem, but population in Britain has almost doubled since 1970s. Some sport organizations reported declining membership income due to swan grazing. Thus, conflict arisen between conservationists anglers one side those who seek protect other. Moreover, management this grazing is complicated not only because popular with public also they protected under both EU Wild Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981. However, there been little research into damage plants or options alleviate conflict.