Determination of direct alcohol markers: a review

摘要: Alcohol is the most popular legal drug used in our society today, and its consumption by pregnant women remains an important public health problem. Gestational alcohol can result a continuum of adverse fetal outcomes known as spectrum disorder (FASD). Effective strategies are needed to prevent increasing adoption risky drinking behaviors. Because ethanol itself only measurable for few hours after intake conventional matrices including blood, urine, sweat, these useful detect recent exposure. Since approximately early 2000, non-oxidative metabolites have received attention because their specificity and, some cases, wide time window detection non-conventional hair meconium. In attempt update analytical methods determination markers alcohol, objective this study review published studies that measure fatty-acid ethyl esters (FAEE), glucuronide (EtG), phosphatidylethanol (PEth) alternative biological matrices, focusing on extraction full conditions used.