Combined Non-Target Effects of Insecticide and High Temperature on the Parasitoid Bracon nigricans

摘要: We studied the acute toxicity and sublethal effects, on reproduction host-killing activity, of four widely used insecticides generalist parasitoid Bracon nigricans (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a natural enemy invasive tomato pest, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Laboratory bioassays were conducted applying maximum insecticide label rates at three constant temperatures, 25, 35 40°C, considered as regular, high very high, respectively. Data female survival offspring production to calculate population growth indexes measure recovery after pesticide exposure. Spinetoram caused 80% mortality 25°C 100% higher while spinosad under all temperature regimes. Cyantraniliprole was slightly toxic B. adults in terms it did not cause any effects egg-laying activities. The interaction between two tested factors (insecticide temperature) significantly influenced number eggs laid by parasitoid, which lowest case females exposed chlorantraniliprole 35°C. Furthermore, lower demographic estimated for conditions, with exception 25°C. Our findings highlight an temperatures exposure, suggests need including stressors, such temperature, risk assessments procedures.