Applications of cryogenic techniques to materials research

摘要: Abstract For many decades one of the primary motives for development cryogenic techniques has been ever-increasing interest in solid state physics. Low temperature methods were found to be uniquely suited analysis matter, and hence, a long time, largely domain physicist. With advent large scale space projects their demand tremendous quantities liquids, need also arose engineering approach. The resulting impact on materials science technology considerable. This helped bring strongly scientific foundation. It received further impulse from expanding research superconductors liquid helium, growing new obtain ultra-low temperatures. Today, ‘big science’ such as bubble chambers, linear accelerators, magnetohydrodynamics facilities make use cut power consumption. Electrical engineers are developing future systems cables, motors, generators, transformers. Superconductive devices employed cryoelectronics. Liquid nitrogen becomes working fluid metallurgist processes cryoforming cryoquenching. All these developments have strengthened interaction between cryogenics science.