Effects of developmental language disorder and bilingualism on children's executive functioning: A longitudinal study.

摘要: Abstract Background Children’s executive functioning (EF) is often negatively associated with a developmental language disorder (DLD) and positively related to bilingualism. However, both regarding children DLD bilingual children, findings are mixed few studies have investigated the combination of bilingualism in relation EF. Aims This study effects on children’s EF development. Methods Monolingual typical development (TD; N = 32 each group) were tested three times yearly intervals (MAGE 71 months at time 1). Verbal visuospatial working memory, selective attention, inhibition assessed. Results Monolinguals bilinguals had weak memory skills point compared TD peers, which could partly be explained by verbal short-term limitations. Positive emerged when controlling for Dutch vocabulary morphology skills, most pronounced 1. Conclusions similar persistent deficits, secondary weaknesses. Bilinguals performed better than monolinguals knowledge was controlled for. effect found regardless prominent age 5–6 years.