Waterscapes in transition: changing uses and perceptions of water in middle class homes in Kolkata, India

摘要: This article uses practice theory to examine changes in middle class water tenure Kolkata, India, at the household level from 1960s present. Surveys (n = 34) and focus group discussions (n = 4) reveal that Kolkata urban have transformed not only how they engage water, but their perceptions of itself. Over study period, households have: (1) shifted sources water; (2) introduced new end for (3) adopted water-related technologies; (4) changed quality. More specific findings include movement away public towards private which are perceived be higher quality greater convenience. Furthermore, all draw upon multiple employ technologies further harness, process, or transform (e.g., 100% both filter a cistern toilet). influence on social hydrology ultimately demonstrates position ability commodify water. A diversity sources, personally treated supplies, capital required secure such waterscape increasingly being used reinforce status, outwardly inwardly. These results distinguishable society scales, can observed everyday practices.