Breeding biology and seasonal abundance of Lappet‐faced Vultures Torgos tracheliotus in western Saudi Arabia

摘要: Lappet-faced Vultures Torgos tracheliotus utilizing a 2200-km2, fenced, protected area in western Saudi Arabia were studied over 4 years. Numbers fluctuated seasonally from minima of c. 30 individuals the spring to maxima 160 birds autumn. All foraged predominantly on domestic livestock carrion outside Reserve. In each year, up 17 pairs attempted breed, with 81% laying eggs, typically large Maerua crassifolia trees. all, eggs hatched and 85% nestlings fledged. Most laid December, when mean daily air temperatures lowest, young usually fledged 180 days later. Overall, 56% nesting attempts young. Juvenile mortality first 3 months after fledging was at least 17%. The numbers proportion breeders appeared be stable, but it is not known whether establishment Reserve concentrated roosting vultures or has attracted elsewhere. Breeding success higher than most well-studied African populations probably those elsewhere Arabia. Four reared 52% fledglings observed Arabian belong subspecies negevensis and, because extinction this wild Israel, well-being population critical subspecies' conservation.