Gymnodinium catenatum Graham isolated from the Portuguese coast: Toxin content and genetic characterization.

摘要: Abstract The bloom forming marine dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham has been linked to paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) outbreaks in humans. Along the Portuguese coast (NE Atlantic), G. shows a complex pattern, raising questions about origin and affinities of each population. In this work, variability within six cultured strains isolated from coastal waters (S coast, W NW coast), between 1999 2011, was investigated. were analyzed for toxin profiling intra-specific genetic diversity. Regarding profile, differences recorded could not be assigned time isolation or geographical origin. parameter that most influenced profile life-cycle stage originated culture: vegetative cell versus hypnozygote (resting cyst). At level, all showed similar sequences D1–D2 region large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) shared complete identity with Spain, Algeria, China Australia. Conversely, we did find total match ITS-5.8S rDNA fragment. After sequence analysis, two guanine/adenine (R) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP 1 2) detected strains, ITS1 region. This species reported present very conservative LSU regions, though few SNP, including SNP1 study, already attributed certain locations. SNP here described characterize populations may represent valuable markers studies on phylogeography species.