Ecology and Evolution of Dung Beetles

摘要: List of Contributors. Preface. 1. Reproductive competition and its impact on the evolution ecology dung beetles (Leigh W. Simmons T. James Ridsdill-Smith). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Competition for mates morphological diversity. 1.3 resources breeding strategies. 1.4 Ecological consequences intraspecific interspecific competition. 1.5 Conservation. 1.6 Concluding remarks. 2. The evolutionary history diversification (T. Keith Philips). 2.1 2.2 Scarabaeinae diversity tribal classification issues. 2.3 Scarabaeine beetle phylogenies. 2.4 sister clade to Scarabaeinae. 2.5 origin beetles. 2.6 oldest lineages their geographic origin. 2.7 Evolution activity period. 2.8 feeding habits. 2.9 derived alternative lifestyles. 2.10 nidification: manipulation 2.11 nesting behaviour subsocial care. 2.12 Conclusions. 2.13 Future work / gaps in knowledge. 3. Male contest weapons (Robert Knell). 3.1 3.2 Dung horns as weapons. 3.3 Functional morphology horns. 3.4 Horns predictors victory. 3.5 Are simply tools? 3.6 horns: rollers vs. tunnellers. 3.7 population density. 3.8 sex ratio. 3.9 work. 4. Sexual selection after mating: sperm cryptic female choice onthophagines Simmons). 4.1 4.2 Sperm theorey. 4.3 ejaculate expenditure genus Onthophagus. 4.4 Evolutionary variation expenditure. 4.5 Theoretical models choice. 4.6 Quantitative genetics traits. 4.7 Empirical evidence adaptive Onthophagus Taurus. 4.8 Conclusions future directions. 5. Olfactory (G. D. Tribe B. V. Burger). 5.1 5.2 Orientation other resources. 5.3 cues used mate attraction recognition. 5.4 Chemical composition Kheper pheromones. 5.5 Kairomones. 5.6 Defensive secretions. 5.7 6. Explaining phenotypic diversity: conditional strategy threshold trait expression (Joseph L. Tomkins Wade Hazel). 6.1 6.2 environmental model. 6.3 Applying 6.4 7. development: development innovation, allometry, plasticity (Armin Moczek). 7.1 7.2 Evo-devo eco-devo A brief introduction. 7.3 an emerging model system evo-devo eco-devo. 7.4 novel 7.5 regulation scaling. 7.6 development, evolution, plasticity. 7.7Conclusion. 8. parental care onthophagine (John Hunt Clarissa House). 8.1 8.2 Parental 8.3 Testing theorey using 8.4 9. visual (Marcus Byrne Marie Dacke). 9.1 9.2 Insect eye structure. 9.3 Eye limitations. 9.4 vision. 9.5 Visual flight activity. 9.6 eyes. 9.7 Ball rolling. 9.8 10. ecological implications physiological (Steven Chown C. Jaco Klok). 10.1 10.2Thermoregulation. 10.3 Thermal tolerance. 10.4 Water balance. 10.5 Gas exchange metabolic rate. 10.6 Conclusion prospectus. 11. populations: structure (Tomas Roslin Heidi Viljanen). 11.1Introduction. 11.2 Study systems. 11.3 Range size. 11.4 Habitat resource selection. 11.5 movement. 11.6 genetic populations. 11.7 Consequences: spatial structures responses habitat loss. 11.8 Perspectives. Biological control: ecosystem functions provided by Ridsdill-Smith Penny Edwards). 12.1 12.2 Function ecosystems. 12.3 pasture habitats. 12.4 Seasonal occurrence abundance native Australia. 12.5 Distribution seasonal introduced 12.6 Long term studies establishment abundance. 12.7 Competitive exclusion. 12.8 Optimising benefits biological control. 13. a candidate study taxon applied biodiversity conservation research (Elizabeth S. Nichols Toby A. Gardner). 13.1 13.2 Satisfying data needs inform practice. 13.3 role human-modified landscapes. 13.4 conservation. 13.5 Some ways forward. References. Index.