Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review

摘要: A large number of studies have presented empirical arguments for the existence alternative stable states (ASS) in a wide range ecological systems. However, most these used non-manipulative, indirect methods, which findings remain open explanations. Here, we review direct evidence ASS resulting from manipulation experiments. We distinguish four conclusive experimental approaches test predictions made by hysteresis effect: (1) discontinuity response to an environmental driving parameter, (2) lack recovery potential after perturbation, (3) divergence due different initial conditions and (4) random divergence. Based on extensive literature search found 35 corresponding assessed stability reported contrasting using minimum turnover individuals terms life span classified according 4 categories: system, habitat type, involved organisms theoretical framework. 13 experiments directly demonstrated while 8 showed absence other cases. 14 did not fulfil requirements test, mostly because they applied too short time scale. bias towards laboratory compared field demonstrating bistability. There was no clear pattern distribution over categories. The 38% tested systems indicates that are just one possibility how can behave. relevance concept natural is discussed, particular under consideration observed bias, perturbation frequency variable environments. It argued, even permanently transient attractors may still be relevance.