How to perform and report a cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with chronic heart failure.

摘要: In the present practice review, we will explain how to perform and interpret a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) in heart failure patients. Specifically, why cycle ergometer should be preferred treadmill, type of protocol needed, ideal duration. Thereafter, discuss CPET findings determine parameters that included. We focus specifically on: peak VO2 (absolute value percentage its predicted value), duration, respiratory exchange ratio, work rate, O2 pulse, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO2), PetO2, -if blood gas samples are obtained-dead space tidal volume ratio. Moreover, physiological clinical anaerobic threshold, compensation point, ventilation vs. VCO2 relationships. Finally, attention dedicated exercise-induced periodic breathing. also when integrated with other measurements so-called complex CPET. Specifically: a) use non-invasive CPET, which integrates cardiac output determination, working muscle near-infrared spectroscopy, transthoracic echocardiography, thoracic ultrasound, lung diffusion analysis; b) minimally invasive is combined esophageal balloon recordings or serial arterial sampling for c) usually implies presence Swan Ganz catheter pulmonary artery an line.