Pathogenic Vibrio Species in the Marine and Estuarine Environment

摘要: The genus Vibrio includes more than 30 species, at least 12 of which are pathogenic to humans and/or have been associated with foodborne diseases (Chakraborty et al., 1997). Among these cholerae, serogroups O1 and O139, the most important, since they epidemic pandemic diarrhea outbreaks in many parts world (Centers for Disease Control Prevention, 1995; Kaper 1995). However, other species vibrios capable causing diarrheal disease received greater attention last decade. These include parahaemolyticus, a leading cause Japan Korea (Lee 2001), vulnificus, alginolyticus, damsela, fluvialis, furnissii, hollisae, metschnikovii, mimicus (Altekruse 2000; Hoi In USA, estimated be about 8000 illnesses annually (Mead 1999). Vibrios can classified as either halophilic or nonhalophilic, depending on their requirement NaCl optimal growth (Thompson 2004). They free-living bacteria aquatic environment throughout world. tend common warmer waters, notably when temperatures rise above 17 ◦C and, tolerate wide range salinities (Wright 1996). Given abundance water, also commonly isolated from fish shellfish, 100-fold higher concentration filter-feeding such oysters, surrounding water During warm summer months, virtually 100% oysters carry V. vulnificus parahaemolyticus (Cook 2002b; Motes 1998; Wright “Epidemic” strains specific virulence genes, “cholera,” while “nonepidemic” mainly septicemia, gastroenteritis, wound infections (Levine & Griffin, 1993). morbidity due nonepidemic is relatively low, some instances, it unclear whether isolation organism