Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change

摘要: What distinguishes environmental refugees from other refugees—or migrants? Are all alike? This essay develops a classification to begin answer these questions and facilitate future policies research on refugees. Environmental may have considerable control over the decision migrate, but this varies by type of disruption. The origin, intention, duration disruptions shape refugee. Refugees disasters expropriations limited whether changes will produce migration. Gradual degradation allows “environmental emigrants” determine how they respond change.