Three-way interactions among ectomycorrhizal mutualists, scale insects, and resistant and susceptible pinyon pines.

摘要: Abstract Herbivores and mycorrhizal fungi are important associates of most plants, but little is known about how these organisms interact. In a 9‐yr experiment, we examined the pinyon needle scale (Matsucoccus acalyptus) affects affected by ectomycorrhizal mutualists found on roots scale‐resistant ‐susceptible pines (Pinus edulis). Three major results emerged. First, removal experiments demonstrated that scales negatively ectomycorrhiza. Second, although ectomycorrhiza could either positively or influence performance improving plant vigor increasing investment in antiherbivore defenses, no effect mortality when experimentally enhanced levels This represented first test whether promote resistance contrasted with studies showing arbuscular mycorrhiza herbivores. Third, to mediated asymmetrical inte...