The Wal‐Mart Effect: Wave of Destruction or Creative Destruction?

摘要: During the past quarter century, large multistore retailers have experienced considerable growth. In this article, we examine widely held belief that expansion of these chain stores,Wal-Mart in particular, has had a negative impact on small locally owned retail sector. Our analysis four types independent retailer entries and exits Florida from 1980, prior to opening first Wal-Mart store state, 2004, reveals Wal-Mart's varies with retailers' market overlap proximity Wal-Mart. Notably, our findings suggest within zip codes, effect is driven by suppression entry rates, but not increase exit while adjacent it rates increasing more than rates. results provide empirical evidence may help economic developers, public officials, owners businesses make informed decisions about development their communities.