Water Degradation by China’s Fossil Fuels Production: A Life Cycle Assessment Based on an Input–Output Model

摘要: Fossil energy production not only aggravates water depletion but also severely contaminates resources. This study employed a mixed-unit input–output model to give life cycle assessment of national average degradation in common types fossil fuels China. The results show that the amount grey generated is much more than consumptive and withdrawn all cases. Although there high discharge chemical oxygen demand (COD) fuel production, pollutants petroleum (PE) volatile phenols (VP) require dilution COD. PE greatest contributor caused by primary fuels, while VP pollution prominent upgraded fuels. Basically, main causes degradation, discharge, occurs at coal mines, oil fields, refinery plants, coking factories, rather upstream sectors. A scenario analysis showed can be significantly reduced if process controlled standard concentration. requires withalower concentration order further mitigate industry has lower pollutant removal rate spends on wastewater treatment, up 12% its profit. other industries have rates (97%–99%) thus technological renovation remove those low