摘要: Prior to 1970, few chemical methods existed that were appropriate for the determination of nanomolar and picomolar concentrations steroid hormones in biological fluids. Nevertheless, by end 1960s, several technologies being proposed measurement steroids serum urine, which included gas–liquid chromatography (Collins et al., 1968), double isotope derivatization (Kliman Peterson, 1960; Gandy spectrophotometry fluorometry (Brown 1968).