Spatio-temporal dynamics in the response of woodland caribou and moose to the passage of grey wolf.

摘要: Summary 1. Predators impact prey populations not only by consuming individuals, but also altering their behaviours. These nonlethal effects can influence food web properties as much lethal effects. The mechanisms of include chronic and temporary anti-predator behaviours, the nature which depends on spatial dynamics predators range over perceive risk. 2. relation between ephemeral responses to risk determines predator–prey interactions, with consequences that ripple across web. Nonetheless, few studies have quantified spatio-temporal scales respond predation threat, how this response varies habitat features. 3. We evaluated reaction radio-collared caribou moose passage wolves, considering changes in movement characteristics during winter summer. used an optimization algorithm identify rate at prior wolves decreases time predator’s distance. 4. temporal varied species season. Caribou displayed four types behaviour following wolves: lack response, increased selection safe land cover types, decreased risky food-rich forest stands. For example, avoidance open conifer stands lichen summer, are selected Also winter, for nearly 10 days a wolf’s passage. This stronger foodrich patches could indicate recent informs current predator distribution reveals information become less reliable time. 5. combine both long- short-term behavioural adjustments. game involves complex nonlinear vary seasons. A comprehensive assessment ecosystem thus requires characterization