Predation increases acoustic complexity in primate alarm calls

摘要: According to most accounts, alarm calling in non-human primates is a biologically hardwired behaviour with signallers having little control over the acoustic structure of their calls. In this study, we compared two adjacent populations Diana monkeys at Tai forest (Ivory Coast) and Tiwai Island (Sierra Leone), which differ significantly predation pressure. At Tai, regularly interact major predators, crowned eagles leopards, while Tiwai, are only hunted by eagles. We monitored call responses adult male predator models. found no site-specific differences types calls given eagles, leopards general disturbances, but there were consistent how callers assembled into sequences. males responded disturbances same way, discriminated giving sequences that differed number component Responses identical both sites. concluded predisposed use repertoire context-specific ways, ontogenetic experience determines individual meaningful