Terrestrial transport modalities in China concerning monetary, energy and environmental costs

摘要: Abstract We investigate the terrestrial transport by pointing out amount, quality and distribution of resources use among nine modalities at national scale in China, under monetary, energy emergy perspectives. The private car mode accounts for largest share total environmental resource investment transportation, which means lowest input-output efficiency. Consequently, improvement efficiency individual modes inevitable need to encourage population shift public whit better performances remain crucial priorities. most efficient modality depends on evaluation method applied that assigns different priorities specific aspects. From a monetary perspective, passenger is regular train followed high-speed train. In terms cumulative demand, subway have unit cost all modes. Concerning accounting considering support, urban bus passengers commodity show best performance per service. Even with needs improved technical efficiency, promotion above less resource-intensive accordance purposes would improve global transportation system offer larger options same investment.