A standardized framework for examination of oral lesions in wolf skulls (Carnivora: Canidae: Canis lupus)

摘要: Oral lesions in wolves (Carnivora: Canidae : Canis lupus ) are usually reported a nonstandardized manner, and often only few abnormalities indicated. This approach has likely led to underreporting of oral lesions, thus limiting our ability interpret wolf health conditions making comparisons across geographical taxonomic groups difficult. Here, we present standardized exam protocol examine skulls for their lesions. Using this protocol, analyzed 40 adult wild Middle East representing 1,680 teeth. Six were arabs , 34 pallipes . Only 3 showed no We able identify large range refined subclasses, exceeding the variety what been on so far. No statistical differences found type number between 2 subspecies wolves. Therefore, pooled subsequent analyses. should provide useful framework assess skulls, facilitating rigorous geographic groups.