Genetic basis of between-individual and within-individual variance of docility.

摘要: Between-individual variation in phenotypes within a population is the basis of evolution. However, evolutionary and behavioural ecologists have mainly focused on estimating between-individual variance mean trait neglected within-individual variance, or predictability trait. In fact, an important assumption mixed-effects models used to estimate traits that residual (predictability) identical across individuals. Individual heterogeneity behaviours potentially effect but rarely estimated accounted for. We 11 389 measures docility behaviour from 1576 yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) both its predictability. then implemented double hierarchical animal model decompose variances into their environmental genetic components. found individuals differed with negative phenotypic covariance. also significant for no covariance between two. This analysis one first both mean wild population. Our results indicate equal should not be assumed. demonstrate importance illustrate potential bias ignoring conclude variability ignored, present coherent approach quantification.