Antidiabetic properties of berberine: from cellular pharmacology to clinical effects.

摘要: Berberine is an alkaloid that highly concentrated in the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of various plants. It affects glucose metabolism, increasing insulin secretion, stimulating glycolysis, suppressing adipogenesis, inhibiting mitochondrial function, activating 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, glycokinase activity. also increases transporter-4 (GLUT-4) glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels. On GLP-1 receptor activation, adenylyl cyclase activated, cyclic monophosphate generated, leading to activation second messenger pathways closure triphosphate-dependent potassium channels. Increased intracellular causes depolarization, calcium influx through voltage-dependent channels occurs. This increase stimulates migration exocytosis granules. In glucose-consuming tissues, such as adipose, or liver muscle cells, berberine both GLUT-4 retinol-binding protein-4 favor uptake into cells; glycolysis by AMPK activation; has effects on peroxisome proliferator-activated γ molecular targets phosphorylation substrate-1, finally resulting decreased resistance. Moreover, recent studies suggest could have a direct action carbohydrate metabolism intestine. The antidiabetic insulin-sensitizing effect been confirmed few relatively small, short-term clinical trials. tolerability high for low dosages, with some gastrointestinal complaints appearing be associated use dosages.