Have food supply chain policies improved forest conservation and rural livelihoods? A systematic review

摘要: To address concerns about the negative impacts of food supply chains in forest regions, a growing number companies have adopted policies to influence their suppliers' behaviors. With focus on forest-risk chains, we provide systematic review conservation and livelihood outcomes mechanisms that use implement forest-focused chain (FSPs) - certifications, codes conduct, market exclusion mechanisms. More than half 37 cases rigorously measure FSP implementation find additional benefits resulting from policies. Positive are more common additionality most often pertain improvements farm income through increases crop yields coffee cocoa farms certifications or conduct. However, some lead reduction net household as farmers increasingly specialize certified commodity spend purchases. Among five examine livelihoods simultaneously, there is no evidence tradeoffs synergies – an improvement one type outcome associated with change other. Interactions public agricultural gains achieved by all mechanisms, while marketing attributes cooperatives buying play large role determining certification. Compliance requirements high, but challenges geospatial monitoring land related selection biases limit overall these Given highly variable methods limited base, rigorous research across greater variety contexts urgently needed better understand if when FSPs can be successful achieving between livelihoods.