A critical review of ultralow-volume aerosols of insecticide applied with vehicle-mounted generators for adult mosquito control.

摘要: This review of ultralow-volume (ULV) ground aerosols for adult mosquito control includes discussion on application volume, aerosol generators, droplet size, meteorology, swath, dispersal speed, assay methods, insecticide efficacy, and nontarget effects. It summarizes the efficacy ULV insecticidal against many important pest disease-bearing species mosquitoes in a wide range locations habitats United States some countries Asia Americas. Fourteen conclusions were drawn from review. 1) applications are as efficacious high- or low-volume aerosols. 2) with an optimum size spectrum can be produced by several types nozzles including vortex, pneumatic, rotary. Droplet particular formulation is dependent primarily nozzle air pressure rotation speed secondarily flow rate. 3) Label rates delivered accurately during routine operations speed-correlated metering systems within calibrated range, usually not exceeding 20 mph. 4) The most economical convenient method determination waved-slide technique. 5) related to because it governs transport impingement. adulticiding 8-15 microns volume median diameter (VMD) basis laboratory wind-tunnel tests field research caged mosquitoes. 6) In general, should applied following sunset when active meteorological conditions favorable achieving maximum levels control. Application made daytime hours permit, but may have increased. critical factors wind velocity direction, temperature, atmospheric stability turbulence. 7) Maximum effective swaths obtained VMD open moderately terrain. dosage must increased proportion swath maintain same level 8) Dispersal 2.5-20 mph factor affecting if rate maintained. 9) results assays comparable reductions free-flying natural populations. 10) efficacies adulticides predictable tests. 11) Results terrain indicated that producing 90% more Anopheles, Culex, Psorophora spp. below approximately equal Environmental Protection Agency label rates. Against Aedes spp., pyrethroid insecticides synergized produce at 12) residential areas moderate dense vegetation citrus groves other densely wooded showed 2-3-fold obtain However, labels would allow higher 13) Applications accordance directions do pose serious threat humans, beneficial animals, automotive paints. 14) Some generators operated high RPM exceed OSHA 8-h hearing hazard criteria 90 dBA require protectors operators.