The development and expression of physical nicotine dependence corresponds to structural and functional alterations in the anterior cingulate-precuneus pathway.

摘要: Introduction Perturbations in neural function provoked by a drug are thought to induce adaptations, which, the absence of drug, give rise withdrawal symptoms. Previously published structural data from this study indicated that progressive development physical dependence is associated with increasing density white matter tracts between anterior cingulum bundle and precuneus. Methods Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared 11 smokers after 11 h abstinence nicotine satiation, 10 nonsmoking controls, using independent component analysis for brain network comparisons as well whole resting-state connectivity cingulate cortex seed. Results Independent demonstrated increased networks such default mode state multiple regions. In seed-based analysis, showed stronger than controls precuneus, caudate, putamen, frontal (P < 0.05). Among smokers, satiated state, was insula, orbital gyrus, superior posterior cortex, temporal, inferior temporal lobe (P < 0.02). The intensity withdrawal-induced craving correlated strength middle precentral gyrus (r = 0.60–0.76; P < 0.05). Conclusions In concordance our previous report area precuneus proportion progression dependence, pathway increases during correlation craving. These findings suggest smoking triggers adaptations support