What is the Cost of Negative Bidding by Wind? A Unit Commitment Analysis of Cost and Emissions

摘要: We use a unit commitment (UC) model to quantify the operational impacts of subsidizing wind generation when energy prices are negative. Such occur increasingly often in U.S. and European Union (EU) markets. Subsidies such as production tax credits, feed-in tariffs, renewable credits motivate generators submit negative price offers; this lessened flexibility increases system operation management costs and, some cases, $\hbox{CO}_{2}$ emissions Our simulations large bids can also be interpreted representing EU policies granting absolute dispatch priority. Applications four hypothetical systems with high penetration distinct mixes UC effects bids. Larger lead less spillage (reducing 2.8% average curtailment under $0 1.0%), more conventional plant startups, higher costs, many total ${\rm CO}_{2}$ (by up 2%). In systems, power's effective incremental coal's. This impact depends strongly on mix, carbon price, size general, there significant economic often, environmental benefits reforming support encourage operations.