Why are higher education participation rates in Germany so low? Institutional barriers to higher education expansion

摘要: Countries around the world have witnessed educational expansion at all levels, leading to massification of tertiary education and training. Tertiary has become a major factor economic competitiveness in an increasingly science‐based global economy key response shifts national labour markets. Within EU, reform skill formation systems been advanced by Lisbon strategy, with Bologna Copenhagen processes higher (HE) vocational training (VET) articulating diffusing overarching goals European formation. If benchmarks call for least 40% 30‐ 34‐year‐olds hold tertiary‐level certificate, Germany exhibits relatively low proportion each cohort entering HE attaining that qualification level (28%). We analyse this ‘German exceptionalism’, locating range factors system: institutional logic segregation, structure secondary schooling, division or ...