摘要: Of all of the wild mammalian ungulates, cervids may well be most intensively investigated. Scientific articles and books abound on ecology, behavior, physiology deer. No doubt white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus North America red Cervus elaphus Europe New Zealand have been studied. Interest by hunters, biomedical researchers, those who sell antlers for medicine has led to numerous two earlier phenomenon antler growth (Brown 1982; Goss 1983). One would suspect that nutritional requirements established.