Modelling the dynamics of snow cover, soil frost and surface ice in Norwegian grasslands

摘要: Studying the winter survival of forage grasses under a changing climate requires models that can simulate dynamics soil conditions at low temperatures. We developed simple model simulates depth snow cover, lower frost boundary and freezing surface puddles. calibrated against independent data from four locations in Norway, capturing climatic variation south to north (Arctic) coastal inland areas. parameterized by means Bayesian calibration, identified least important parameters using sensitivity analysis method Morris. Verification suggests results are reasonable. Because structure, some overestimation occurs depth. Both calibration suggested cover module could be simplified with respect snowmelt liquid water content. The should kept unchanged, whereas ice changed when more detailed topographical become available, such as better estimates fraction land area where puddles may form.