Infectious Agents Trigger Trophic Cascades.

摘要: Most demonstrated trophic cascades originate with predators, but infectious agents can also cause top-down indirect effects in ecosystems. Here we synthesize the literature on initiated by including parasitoids, pathogens, parasitic castrators, macroparasites, and trophically transmitted parasites. Like density-mediated trait-mediated through their direct consumptive nonconsumptive respectively. Unlike most however, are not fully immediately lethal to victims, so trigger effects. We find that frequency of reported for different consumer types scales lethality. Furthermore, emphasize value uniting predator–prey parasite–host theory under a general consumer–resource framework.