Damage in Critical Infrastructures Due to Natural and Man-made Extreme Events – A Critical Review

摘要: Critical Infrastructures (CIs) play a crucial role in the normal performance of economy and society. Over last decades amount variety CIs grew rapidly, interdependency between them increased constantly. Consequently more essential services depend on continuous one, two or even such as power supply, communications, etc. It is thus utmost importance to ensure reliable robust critical infrastructures basis, particularly during after occurrence extreme events. This paper presents state-of-the-art review contemporary state infrastructures’ preparedness, through comprehensive literature significant events that occurred past decades. examine Oklahoma bombing (1995), Izmit earthquake (1999), World Trade Center attack (2001), Indian Ocean tsunami (2004), hurricane Katrina (2005), London July 7th attacks Haiti (2010), Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear disaster (2011). The exposes insufficient preparedness cases raises several root patterns which led severe consequences events: gap actual risk; higher than expected due evolution infrastructures; high increasing interdependencies CIs, vulnerability despite known risk. those reveal mismatch risk investments were made by decision makers for their preparedness.