Chapter 7 Cardiovascular Function and Cardiac Metabolism

摘要: Next to extremes in temperature, hypoxia is arguably the most significant environmental challenge faced by fishes. This because of disruptions/consequences it has for fish's physiology, reproduction, and survival, fact that an increasing problem aquatic systems worldwide. The cardiovascular system critical effective uptake oxygen from environment distribution/transport nutrients tissues, its proper functioning paramount activities such as locomotion digestion, capacity deal with pertubations. In this chapter, overview responses fishes, some mechanisms influence/mediate effects on system, how myocardial energy metabolism regulated under (this aspect continued heart during periods shortage) provided. Information reviewed both acute chronic interspecific variation magnitude timing responses, covers life stages embryo adult levels biological organization gene expression whole animal. Further, where possible, recent advances our understanding influence fish function are highlighted, unresolved issues identified. It expected chapter will become a valued resource those interested interplay between function, stimulate research interesting area physiology.