Do Isard females associate in winter on the basis of summer bonds

摘要: In the Cauterets Valley (Pyrenees National Park), isard (Rupicapra pyrenaica) females winter in small spatial units where they live groups of changing composition. These units, however, can include both all-year round resident and migrant summering distant higher-elevation ranges to which are faithful year after year. We measured level association between marked within units. Similar was found among using me same summer range. contrast, indexes inhabiting unit but distinct were lower. results suggest that involves a mechanism discrimination familiar companions or individual recognition. It is proposed avoidance unfamiliar conspecifics and/or attraction may contribute fine-scale organization social ungulates.