Gliding Flight of the Andean Condor in Nature

摘要: 1. At air speeds approximating to those of equilibrium gliding (14-15 m/sec), flapping by Andean condors acts reduce sinking speed and does so without increasing forward speed. 2. Apparently the wing provides lift striking its surfaces twisting at same time as present airfoils with optimum orientation toward changing direction relative wind throughout cycle. Positive or negative components thrust forces are produced in various combinations depending on angle attack. Thrust appear reduced speeds, a normal condition take off. 3. In level flight average velocity around is greater during downstroke than upstroke because anterior rotation axis. Mechanical efficiency lever system operating wingbeat greatest this important for producing maximum forces. 4. The minimum power output generated startled condor escape was computed be 54 W/kg muscle. Assuming ( ) ratio exceptional sustained efforts human muscle (40:17) similar that b mechanical similar, then approximately 23 available, only about 70% estimated necessary still air. 5. On basis performance differences physical dimensions turkey vulture appears capable more extended flights condor.