The cost and feasibility of marine coastal restoration.

摘要: Land-use change in the coastal zone has led to worldwide degradation of marine ecosystems and a loss goods services they provide. Restoration is process assisting recovery an ecosystem that been degraded, damaged, or destroyed critical for habitats where natural hindered. Uncertainties about restoration cost feasibility can impede decisions on whether, what, how, where, how much restore. Here, we perform synthesis 235 studies with 954 observations from rehabilitation projects coral reefs, seagrass, mangroves, salt-marshes, oyster reefs worldwide, evaluate cost, survival restored organisms, project duration, area, techniques applied. Findings showed while median average reported costs one hectare habitat were around US$80000 (2010) US$1600000 (2010), respectively, real total (median) are likely be two four times higher. Coral seagrass among most expensive Mangrove typically largest least per hectare. Most conducted Australia, Europe, USA, significantly (up 30 times) cheaper countries developing economies. Community- volunteer-based usually have lower costs. Median often assessed only within first years after restoration, was highest saltmarshes (64.8%) (64.5%) lowest (38.0%). However, success rates scientific literature could biased towards publishing successes rather than failures. The majority short-lived seldom monitoring depended primarily ecosystem, site selection, applied money spent. We need enhanced investment both improving practices large-scale restoration.