Bat Flight Generates Complex Aerodynamic Tracks

摘要: The flapping flight of animals generates an aerodynamic footprint as a time-varying vortex wake in which the rate momentum change represents force. We showed that wakes small bat species differ from those birds some important respects. In our bats, each wing generated its own loop. Also, at moderate and high speeds, circulation on outer (hand) arm differed sign during upstroke, resulting negative lift hand positive wing. Our interpretations unsteady performance function membranous-winged, should modeling strategies for study equivalent natural engineered flying devices.