Cost-benefit analysis of central softening for production of drinking water.
作者： B. Van der Bruggen , H. Goossens , P.A. Everard , K. Stemgée , W. Rogge
DOI: 10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2009.09.024
关键词:
摘要: Softening drinking water before distribution yields advantages with environmental impact, such as lower household products consumption, less scaling in piping and machines, the avoidance of decentralized, domestic softeners. Central softening is under consideration Flanders by largest supplier, VMW (Dutch acronym for "Flemish Company Water Supply"), to deliver soft (15 degrees F) their customers. A case study presented a region hard (47 F). The chosen technique pellet reactor, based on precipitation CaCO(3) NaOH addition. This operation has possibly large impact environment consumption pattern. cost-benefit analysis been made estimate added value central softening, investigating company, customers, employment, environment, health, etc. revealed benefits customers which were higher than costs company. However, pricing remains an important problem. sensitivity these results also made, evaluate hypothesis, be able expand this other regions. conclusions part show that beneficial if hardness decreased at least 5 F.
core.ac.uk
cabdirect.org
elsevier.com
sci-hub.se 参考文章(16)
J Q J C Verberk, P J de Moel, J C van Dijk, Drinking Water: Principles and Practices ,(2006)
Alexander R. Anim-Mensah, William Bill Krantz, Rakesh Govind, Studies on polymeric nanofiltration-based water softening and the effect of anion properties on the softening process European Polymer Journal. ,vol. 44, pp. 2244- 2252 ,(2008) , 10.1016/J.EURPOLYMJ.2008.04.036
K.M. van Schagen, R. Babuška, L.C. Rietveld, E.T. Baars, Optimal flow distribution over multiple parallel pellet reactors: a model-based approach. Water Science and Technology. ,vol. 53, pp. 493- 501 ,(2006) , 10.2166/WST.2006.160
Samira Ghizellaoui, Aissa Chibani, Souheila Ghizellaoui, Use of nanofiltration for partial softening of very hard water Desalination. ,vol. 179, pp. 315- 322 ,(2005) , 10.1016/J.DESAL.2004.11.077
Kim van Schagen, Luuk Rietveld, Robert Babuška, Eric Baars, Control of the fluidised bed in the pellet softening process Chemical Engineering Science. ,vol. 63, pp. 1390- 1400 ,(2008) , 10.1016/J.CES.2007.07.027
Anditya Rahardianto, Junbo Gao, Christopher J. Gabelich, Mark D. Williams, Yoram Cohen, High recovery membrane desalting of low-salinity brackish water: Integration of accelerated precipitation softening with membrane RO Journal of Membrane Science. ,vol. 289, pp. 123- 137 ,(2007) , 10.1016/J.MEMSCI.2006.11.043
Ramiro Barrios, Maarten Siebel, Alex van der Helm, Karin Bosklopper, Huub Gijzen, Environmental and financial life cycle impact assessment of drinking water production at Waternet Journal of Cleaner Production. ,vol. 16, pp. 471- 476 ,(2008) , 10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2006.07.052
S.C. Low, Cheng Liping, Lee Seng Hee, Water softening using a generic low cost nano-filtration membrane Desalination. ,vol. 221, pp. 168- 173 ,(2008) , 10.1016/J.DESAL.2007.04.064
A.J. Whelton, A.M. Dietrich, G.A. Burlingame, M. Schechs, S.E. Duncan, Minerals in drinking water: impacts on taste and importance to consumer health Water Science and Technology. ,vol. 55, pp. 283- 291 ,(2007) , 10.2166/WST.2007.190
S Parsons, The effect of domestic ion-exchange water softeners on the microbiological quality of drinking water Water Research. ,vol. 34, pp. 2369- 2375 ,(2000) , 10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00407-8