Development of Spruce-Fir Stands Following Spruce Beetle Outbreaks

摘要: Logged and unlogged stands of Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir were evaluated in spruce beetle outbreak areas infested about 15,25, SO, 100 years ago. Seedling regeneration was generally adequate except heavily logged areas, although seedlings often damaged, apparently by animals. Species composition dramatically altered favor the spruce-fir type. In overstory, may predominate for many but eventually will replace it. When forest reaches a basal area 150 to 200+ ft2 per acre predominantly large spruce, potential outbreaks increases. Changes species with different intensities infestations over several centuries are hypothesized.