Delignification kinetics of empty fruit bunch (EFB): a sustainable and green pretreatment approach using malic acid-based solvents

摘要: Recently, the development of efficient and environmentally benign solvents has received great attention to replace current harsh organic solvents. In this context, low-transition-temperature mixtures (LTTMs) have emerged as favorable green for biomass delignification. Palm oil biomass, empty fruit bunch (EFB) was pretreated with commercial l-malic acid microwave hydrothermally extracted cactus malic acid-derived LTTMs at 60, 80, 100 °C. The applied in study were derived from acid–choline chloride–water acid–monosodium glutamate–water a molar ratio 2:4:2 3:1:5, respectively. Three first-order reactions used express delignification kinetic model EFB. first term based on initial stage assigned infinite due fast rate which could not be detected. second third terms proportional bulk residual stages. A good agreement obtained between experimental data R2 ≥ 0.91. activation energies using acid-based stages approximated 36–56 19–26 kJ/mol 34–90 47–87 kJ/mol,